= MODAL AUXILIARLES =
1.
Ability
(can,could)
-
I can Swim
-
I could play the
piano, when I was young
2.
Possibility
(May, Might)
-
I may rain
tomorrow
3.
Asking For
Permission ( May I …. , Can I ….)
-
May I borrow
your book ?
4.
Request (can
you… , will you…, could you…, would you…)
-
Can you take me to the station today ?
5.
Suggestion
(Should, Had better)
-
You should bring
your book tomorrow
6.
Necesity (Must,
Have to)
-
You must see the
doctor soon
7.
Unnecesity
(Don’t have to)
-
You don’t have
to buy a new bag
8.
Prohibition
(Must not)
-
You must not
smoke in this class
9.
Conclusion
(must)
-
She has cleaned
all of the rooms. She must be tired.
= QUESTION TAG =
Affirmative Negative
You know bob Wilson,
don’t you ? yes, I do
Negative
Affirmative
Marie is from us, isn’t
she ? yes, she is
= ARTICLES =
A
|
An
|
The
|
Some
|
One singular
|
One / Singular
|
Specific
|
Not specific
|
Before Consonant
|
Before vowel
|
Before consonant/vocal
|
Plural count noun
|
General
|
General
|
Count noun/uncount noun
|
Ex:
I saw some cats in my yard
|
Count Noun
|
Count noun
|
Non count
|
|
Example :
A dog makes a good pet
|
Example :
She buys an apple
|
Example :
The pencil on that desk is jim’s
|
Ex :
I buy some fruit
|
= PASSIVE VOICE =
Tense
|
Active
|
Passive
|
Simple present
S + V1 + O
|
The students discuss the problem every morning
|
The problem is discussed by the students every
morning
|
Present continous
S + be + Ving
|
The students are discussing the problem now
|
The problem is being discussed by the students now
|
Simple past
S + V2
|
The students discussed the problem yesterday
|
The problems was discussed by the students
yesterday
|
Past continous
S + be + Ving
|
The students were discussing the problem yesterday
|
The problem was being discussed by the students
yesterday
|
Future Tense
S + will
|
The students will discuss the problem tomorrow
|
The problem will be discussed by the students
tomorrow
|
= DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH =
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
He said “ I work hard”
|
He said that he worked hard
|
He said “ I working hard”
|
He said that he was working hard
|
He said “ I have worked hard”
|
He said that he had worked hard
|
He said “I going to work”
|
He said that he was going to work
|
He said “I will work”
|
He said that he would work
|
He said “I can work”
|
He said that he could work
|
He said “I may work”
|
He said that he might work
|
No
Change
|
|
He says “I work hard”
|
He says (that)he works hard
|
He said “I should work”
|
He said (that) he should work hard
|
