Nama : Aprilia Wahyuni
NPM : 11213216
Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management
Tugas Bahasa Inggris 2
Management in business
and organizations is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to
accomplish goals and objectives
using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning,
organizing, staffing,
leading
or directing, and controlling an organization
or initiative to accomplish a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and
manipulation of human resources, financial
resources, technological resources, and natural
resources.
Since organizations can be viewed as systems,
management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate
the production of useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the
opportunity to 'manage' oneself, a prerequisite to attempting to manage others.
Universities offer bachelor's and advanced
degrees in management, generally within their colleges of business. At the
doctoral level students specialize in areas of management, such as human
resources, international management, organizational behavior, or strategic
management.
Management defined as the
organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance
with certain policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives
Management involves the manipulation of the human
capital of an enterprise to contribute to the success of the enterprise. This
implies effective communication: an enterprise environment (as opposed to a
physical or mechanical mechanism), implies human motivation and implies some
sort of successful progress or system outcome. As such, management is not the
manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program), not the herding of
animals, and can occur in both a legal as well as illegal enterprise or
environment. Based on this, management must have humans, communication, and a
positive enterprise endeavor. Plans, measurements, motivational psychological
tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary
components for there to be management. At first, one views management
functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans, meeting goals. This applies even
in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Henri Fayol
(1841–1925)[3]
considers management to consist of six functions:
- Forecasting
- Planning
- Organizing
- Commanding
- Coordinating
- Controlling
Management operates through various functions, often
classified as planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing,
controlling/monitoring and motivation.
- Planning: Deciding what needs to happen
in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five
years, etc.) and generating plans for action.
- Organizing: (Implementation)pattern of
relationships among workers, making optimum use of the resources required
to enable the successful carrying out of plans.
- Staffing: Job analysis, recruitment and
hiring for appropriate jobs.
- Leading/directing: Determining what must be done
in a situation and getting people to do it.
- Controlling/monitoring: Checking progress against
plans.
- Motivation: Motivation is also a kind of
basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot
work effectively. If motivation does not take place in an organization,
then employees may not contribute to the other functions (which are
usually set by top-level management).
- Communicating: is giving, receiving, or
exchange information.
- Creating: ability to produce original
Idea,thought through the use of imagination
